C & A Carbone v. Clarkstown: A Wake-Up Call for the Dormant Commerce Clause

Introduction Garbage collection, transportation, and disposal have historically been the responsibility of individual towns and cities in the United States. 1 However, stringent environmental regulations, declining landfill capacity, and the implementation of costly source reduction and recycling programs have greatly increased the costs of waste management borne by towns. 2 For the past two decades, many local governments have relied on flow control ordinances to finance their solid waste management activities. 3 These ordinances designate where municipal solid waste generated within the community must be managed, stored, or disposed. 4 Recently, in C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, 5 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that such ordinances violate the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In this decision, the Court misapplied the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine and thereby jeopardized the financial stability of local governments that have relied on flow control ordinances to finance their waste management programs. Flow control ordinances dictate where a community\u27s garbage must be processed or disposed. 6 By enabling a local government to control its garbage, flow control helps the town meet its environmental goals, such as ensuring that recyclable materials are properly separated. 7 Typically, garbage processing and disposal facilities charge a fee per ton of garbage handled, known as a tipping fee. 8 By requiring all municipal waste to be shipped to a designated facility, flow control guarantees a stream of revenue to that facility. 9 Local governments have relied on this revenue to fund ..

Self reliant groups from India to Scotland: lessons from south to north

There is a move towards partnership working across the global north and south but there remain questions about how to do it most effectively. This paper reports on the findings from a project that built a partnership between women in Scotland and India in order to transfer knowledge about Indian Self Help Groups. By creating peer to peer relationships that challenged traditional roles of 'teacher' and 'learner', the project was effective in transferring learning from south to north and generating meaningful outcomes for those involved. Despite the contextual differences, the successful transfer of key components of the model, savings, and loans, has led to a sense of empowerment in the Scottish women that is comparable to their Indian counterparts. As the project continues, it will be important that the dialogue between the partners continues, so there is ongoing learning as the Scottish groups expand and develop

‘Hidden habitus’: a qualitative study of socio-ecological influences on drinking practices and social identity in mid-adolescence

This study explored mid-adolescents’ views and experiences of socio-ecological influences on their drinking practices in order to help inform the development of interventions to reduce alcohol-related risk. We conducted 31 in-depth interviews with young people aged 13–17 in North East England. Verbatim interview transcripts and field notes were coded systematically and analysed thematically, following the principles of constant comparison. We adopted Bourdieu’s idea of social game-playing and elements of his conceptual toolkit (particularly habitus, capital and field) during analysis. Analysis yielded three intersecting themes: (1) ‘drinking etiquette’: conveying taste and disgust; (2) ‘playing the drinking game’: demonstrating cultural competency; (3) ‘hidden habitus’—the role of alcohol marketing. Our work demonstrates that there is a nexus of influential factors which come together to help shape and reinforce mid-adolescents’ behaviour, norms and values in relation to alcohol consumption. Drinking practices are not just formed by friendships and family traditions, these are also subject to wider cultural shaping including by the alcohol industry which can encourage brand identification, and gear specific products to add ‘distinction’. However young people are not inactive players and they use aspects of capital and social games to help cement their identity and present themselves in particular ways which in turn are influenced by age, gender and social status. Guided by promising work in the tobacco field, interventions which focus on critical awareness of the framing of alcohol products by key stakeholders, such as policymakers, commercial industry and public health professionals, and by wider society may facilitate behaviour change among young people

Time to cry over spilled milk: An investigation into China\u27s food safety system

China is plagued with food safety scandals ranging from contamination of dairy, to exploding watermelons in the countryside. This thesis explores the four main reasons that China has many food safety regulatory issues: the wide dispersion of farms in China, the fragmentation of the food safety regulatory system, weakness of local implementation, and the poor structure of commerce. Using the case studies of the dairy and pork industries this thesis examines these four proposed flaws and proposed solutions for improving food safety in China. Governmental flaws and mistakes are mostly responsible for these problems, but the current structure of government is too bureaucratic and corrupt to properly handle the problem. Therefore, improvement of food safety relies on private enterprises

Alternatives for Measuring Hazardous Waste Reduction

PTI Project number 233U-4913FRHWRIC Project Number 89006

Role for the RecBCD recombination pathway for pilE gene variation in repair-proficient Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Includes bibliographical references.The role of the RecBCD recombination pathway in PilE variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is debatable and dependent on the strain studied. In the MSI 1 strain, recB mutants were assessed for recombination/repair by assessing their ability to repair double-chain breaks. The MSI 1 recB mutants were found to be highly susceptible to these DNA double-chain break treatments and were severely impaired for growth; recB growth suppressor mutants arose at high frequencies. When the recombination/repair capacity of MSI 1 were compared to other strains (FA1090 and P9), innate difference were observed between each as FA1090 and P9 rec bacteria had pronounced recombination/repair defects. Moreover, MSI 1 recB mutants present a more robust phenotype than the other strains. Additionally, MSI 1 recB mutants are also shown to be defective for pilE/pilS recombination. pilE/pilS recombination is also shown to proceed with gonococci that carry an inverted pilE locus. From this study, an innovative RecBCD-mediated double-chain-break repair model for PilE antigenic variation is proposed.B.S. (Bachelor of Science

It’s Good for the Planet and It’s Good for Your Portfolio: Encouraging Millennial Participation in 401(k) Plans Through Lowering Barriers To ESG Investing

Winner of the Law School\u27s 2021 M. H. Goldstein Memorial Prize for the third-year student who has written the best paper in the field of labor la